![]() This poetic tradition of an Earth-encircling ( gaiaokhos) sea ( Oceanus) and a disc also appears in Stasinus of Cyprus, Mimnermus, Aeschylus, and Apollonius Rhodius. Greece Poetsīoth Homer and Hesiod described a disc cosmography on the Shield of Achilles. The sky was a solid dome with the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars embedded in it. The Israelites also imagined the Earth to be a disc floating on water with an arched firmament above it that separated the Earth from the heavens. The Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts of ancient Egypt show a similar cosmography Nun (the Ocean) encircled nbwt ("dry lands" or "Islands"). A similar model is found in the Homeric account from the 8th century BC in which "Okeanos, the personified body of water surrounding the circular surface of the Earth, is the begetter of all life and possibly of all gods." In early Egyptian and Mesopotamian thought, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean. ![]() Imago Mundi Babylonian map, the oldest known world map, 6th century BC Babylonia ĭespite the scientific fact and obvious effects of Earth's sphericity, pseudoscientific flat Earth conspiracy theories are espoused by modern flat Earth societies and, increasingly, by unaffiliated individuals using social media. Knowledge of the Earth's global shape then gradually began to spread beyond the Hellenistic world. ![]() In the early 4th century BC, Plato wrote about a spherical Earth, and by about 330 BC his former student Aristotle had provided strong empirical evidence for this. The idea of a spherical Earth appeared in ancient Greek philosophy with Pythagoras (6th century BC), although most pre-Socratics (6th–5th century BC) retained the flat Earth model. Many ancient cultures subscribed to a flat Earth cosmography, including Greece until the classical period (323 BC), the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period (31 BC), and China until the 17th century. The flat Earth model is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of Earth's shape as a plane or disk. The map contains several references to biblical passages as well as various jabs at the "Globe Theory". Flat Earth map drawn by Orlando Ferguson in 1893.
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